Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada
Volume 10, Número 1, Março 2010, Páginas 23-48

DOI: 10.5894/rgci153
* Submissão – 24 Novembro 2008; Avaliação – 19 Abril 2009; Recepção da versão revista – 22 Julho 2009; Disponibilização on-line - 11 Janeiro 2010

Concepção, Construção, Implantação e Monitorização de Recifes Artificiais de Betão com Incorporação de Lamas Orgânicas *

Development, Construction, Implantation and Monitorization of Concrete Artificial Reefs with Addiction of Organic Sludge

Jaime P. Dias Santos ^{@, 1, 2}, Mike Weber ^{2, 3}, F. Veloso Gomes ¹

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@ - autor correspondente: jaimeprata@gmail.com
1 Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, vgomes@fe.up.pt;
2 Estação Litoral da Aguda - ELA, Rua Alfredo Dias, Praia da Aguda, 4410-475 Arcozelo-VNG ela.aguda@mail.telepac.pt
3 Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - ICBAS, Univ. do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar 2, 4099-003 Porto, mweber@icbas.up.pt

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RESUMO
A utilização das tecnologias de habitates artificiais marinhos tem ganho um crescente interesse mundial. Nos países desenvolvidos e em vias de desenvolvimento existem razões para a sua aplicação na resolução de problemas ambientais e económicos. Nas águas costeiras, de praticamente todo o globo, foram implantados milhares de recifes artificiais. Alguns destes recifes são navios e outras estruturas, de grandes dimensões, fora de uso, que servem agora de habitat para os organismos marinhos. Outros são estruturas concebidas propositadamente como Recifes Artificiais com objectivos específicos. Num contexto de desenvolvimento global das tecnologias ligadas aos habitates aquáticos, o presente trabalho centrou-se no estudo do desempenho de módulos recifais construídos em betão enriquecido com lamas orgânicas provenientes de uma Estação de Tratamento de Águas Residuais (ETAR). Foi estudada a taxa de colonização biológica e a diversidade de dois recifes formados por módulos com uma composição diferente.
Foi efectuada uma revisão da literatura sobre a tecnologia dos Recifes Artificiais e, com base nesse conhecimento, foram desenvolvidos módulos recifais em betão, com forma cúbica, com os quais se construíram dois pequenos recifes que foram implantados na zona sublitoral da praia da Aguda, no norte de Portugal.
O uso de lamas orgânicas na composição do betão é um contributo inovador deste trabalho. O objectivo foi comparar o desempenho do recife construído com módulos de betão simples com o recife construído com betão enriquecido com lamas no que respeita à colonização, pelas macroalgas e pelos organismos macrobênticos. A colonização, por parte da fauna e flora, e a sucessão biológica foram monitorizadas ao longo de quatro meses.
Os dados recolhidos permitiram compreender a forma como as comunidades faunística e florística reagiram perante a presença destes Recifes Artificiais, de que forma ocuparam este substrato virgem e as diferenças, na abundância e na diversidade, existentes entre os dois tipos de recife.
Foram calculados as percentagens de cobertura biológica e quatro índices ecológicos: Número de espécies (S), Equitabilidade de Pielou (J’), Diversidade de Shannon (H’) e Diversidade de Simpson. A análise dos dados foi efectuada através de técnicas multivariadas não-paramétricas usando o programa PRIMER. Foi utilizada a ordenação multidimensional não-métrica (nMDS) para produzir diagramas de ordenação bi-dimensionais. A análise de similaridade “One-way ANOSIM” foi usada para testar a hipótese nula da não existência de diferenças significativas entre os dois recifes para a cobertura biológica e para a diversidade.
Os resultados obtidos indicam que quer a taxa de cobertura biológica quer a biodiversidade foram significativamente maiores no recife construído com os módulos de betão no qual se incorporaram lamas de depuração de esgoto doméstico do que no recife construído com módulos de betão simples. Os módulos de betão com lamas desenvolveram um biofilme mais espesso, num espaço de tempo mais curto, e também apresentaram um crescimento maior das macroalgas e uma maior diversidade e abundância por parte das espécies animais colonizadoras.
A adição, ao betão, de substâncias capazes de libertar nutrientes localmente, parece ser uma boa opção no sentido de se obter uma colonização biológica eficiente e uma rápida naturalização dos Recifes Artificiais em betão.

Palavras-chave: Recifes artificiais, betão com lamas, monitorização.

ABSTRACT
The use of artificial habitat technologies is gaining increasing global interest. Opportunities exist in both developed and developing countries to apply these technologies to environmental and economic problems. Beneath the coastal waters of the world lie thousands of artificial reefs. Retired ships and other disposal materials now serve as habitats for marine life, and newer reefs that have been designed and built for specific applications.
With the field of aquatic habitat technology continually growing, the present study focuses on the composition of reef units using cement in conjunction with organic sludge from urban waste water treatment plants. This research includes the monitoring of the biological colonization rate and diversity of two different types of reef units.
Worldwide use of artificial reef technology was reviewed and, on this base, cubic concrete modules were developed and constructed to build two experimental artificial reefs that were placed in the sublitoral zone of the beach of Aguda in North Portugal. The use of organic sludge in concrete composition is a new contribution of this research. The aim was to compare different concrete compositions and the performance of colonization by macroalgae and macrobenthic organisms between the modules built with and without sludge. The colonization by fauna and flora and the biological succession of the two artificial reefs were monitored over four months. The data allowed understanding how the floristic and faunal communities reacted in the presence of these artificial reefs, how they occupied this virgin substrate and how abundance and biodiversity differed between the two different types of reefs. The percentage of biological coverage and four biological indices were calculated: Number of Species (S), Pielou’s Evenness (J’), Shannon’s Diversity (H’) and Simpson’s Diversity. Data analysis was performed with non-parametric multivariate techniques using the PRIMER software. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) was used to produce two-dimensional ordination plots. One-way ANOSIM was used to test the null hypothesis of no significant differences, between the reefs, for biological coverage and diversity.
The results suggested that either the biodiversity or the percentage biological coverage were significantly greater at the reef constructed with concrete and domestic sludge than at the reef constructed without the sludge. The concrete modules containing sludge developed a thicker biofilm layer on its surface in a shorter time. They also revealed a more intensive and faster growth of macroalgae and a greater diversity and abundance of colonizing organisms.
The addiction to the concrete of substances that can release nutrients locally seems to be a good option in order to obtain an efficient colonization and a rapid naturalization of concrete Artificial Reefs.

Keywords: Artificial reefs, concrete modules with sludge, monitoring.

 

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Sítios da Internet:
http://www.googlearth.com
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