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Volume 10, Issue 1 - March 2010

 

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Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada
Volume 10, Número 1, Março 2010, Páginas 127-146

DOI: 10.5894/rgci165
* Submissão – 30 Abril 2009; Avaliação – 17 Junho 2009; Recepção da versão revista – 14 Agosto 2009; Disponibilização on-line - 14 Janeiro 2010

Avaliação Qualitativa do Desempenho dos Recifes Artificiais Multifuncionais (RAM)

Analysing the Performance of the Multi-Functional Artificial Reefs

Bruno I. Simioni 1, Luciana S. Esteves @, 2


@ - Autor correspondente: luciana.esteves@plymouth.ac.uk
1 - University of Plymouth. Afiliação atual: Laboratório de Estudos Costeiros, Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba - PR, Brasil; brunoivan@gmail.com
2 - School of Geography, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA UK.


RESUMO
Os recifes artificiais multifuncionais (RAM) visam beneficiar um maior número de usuários por propiciarem múltiplos usos, incluindo: proteção costeira, aumento da biodiversidade local, melhoria da qualidade das ondas para o surfe e promoção do turismo ligado aos esportes aquáticos. Embora as suas múltiplas funções tenham ressonância na gestão costeira integrada, é a sua ligação com o surfe que lhe confere o maior apelo público. Por ser um conceito recente (o primeiro foi construído em 1999) e serem poucos os projetos existentes, a literatura disponível sobre os RAM ainda é limitada, sendo na sua maioria relatórios técnicos e artigos sem revisão científica produzidos pelos profissionais que desenvolvem e comercializam os RAM. O surfe é uma atividade econômica lucrativa em diversas localidades, onde há um crescente debate e interesse na instalação de RAM (e.g. São Pedro do Estoril, Portugal). Desta forma, faz-se necessário avaliar de forma independente o desempenho dos RAM em promover suas múltiplas funções. Este estudo analisa o desempenho dos seis projetos de RAM existentes (quatro construídos e dois em construção) em promover a melhoria das condições de surfe, a proteção costeira, o aumento da biodiversidade e o incremento no turismo. Adicionalmente, o processo de implantação dos RAM é avaliado com base nas diretrizes da gestão costeira integrada utilizando-se a literatura científica disponível e meios de expressão da opinião pública. Este estudo mostra que existem poucos estudos de monitoramento independentes que possibilitem quantificar o desempenho dos RAM. A função melhor estudada é a resposta da linha de costa à presença do recife, enquanto a qualidade do surfe pode ser analisada apenas qualitativamente através da opinião pública. Não há estudos publicados ou fontes de informação que possibilitem a análise quantitativa sobre os efeitos na biodiversidade ou no retorno econômico dos RAM. Os resultados indicam que os RAM têm apresentado desempenho variável tanto na função de proteção costeira, quanto na melhoria da qualidade do surfe. Estudos de monitoramento sugerem que houve um efetivo aumento na largura da praia adjacente ao recife em Narrowneck, mas possivelmente tratou-se de um efeito direto do engorde artificial e não necessariamente provocado pela presença do recife. Em relação ao surfe, a percepção dos surfistas tende a ser dominantemente negativa sobre a eficiência dos RAM em melhorar a qualidade das ondas. Embora o processo de implementação tenha sido variável entre os projetos existentes, pode-se observar pontos em comum, incluindo: o objetivo principal da construção dos RAM é a melhoria das ondas para o surfe; a consulta pública é inexistente ou realizada em estágios tardios para consolidação da escolha já feita; análises de viabilidade e custo-benefício são produzidas pelos empreendedores; estudos de impactos ambientais se realizados, não estão disponíveis; custos da obra final excede o orçamento inicial e não existem estudos independentes sobre o retorno financeiro resultante da instalação dos RAM. É urgente desenvolver protocolos de monitoramento pré- e pós-construção dos RAM, bem como aumentar o número de estudos independentes que possibilitem quantificar os seus impactos nos processos costeiros e na economia local.

Palavras-chave: recifes artificiais multifuncionais, surfe, proteção costeira, gestão costeira integrada

ABSTRACT
It is frequently claimed that artificial surfing reefs (ASRs) provide coastal defence, improvement of biodiversity, enhancement of surfing and boosting the local economy related to water sports and tourism. Although such functionality may have resonance in integrated coastal management (ICZM), the main public appeal is related to its effects on surfing. ASRs are a relatively new concept (the first was built in 1999) and available references mostly comprise technical reports and articles with no peer review. Further, the majority are authored by professionals involved with the development and commercialization of ASRs. With an increasing interest in the development of new ASRs (e.g. São Pedro do Estoril, Portugal), it is now important that objective and independent studies are undertaken to analyse the performance of ASRs for surfing enhancement and for the other benefits claimed. This study evaluates the effects of the six existing artificial reef projects (four of them built and two in construction process) on the quality of waves for surfing, coastal protection, biodiversity and tourism. Moreover, the implementation processes for ASRs are analysed taking into consideration the principles of ICZM. The sources of information used include the relevant existing literature and a range of other sources which allow assessment of public opinion (e.g. internet discussion boards, online local newspapers, websites about surfing etc.). The findings demonstrate that only a few independent monitoring studies have quantified the ASR performance objectively. The results reveal that ASRs have variable performances both for coastal protection and improving surfing waves. More than three years of monitoring of the shoreline response adjacent to the Narrowneck reef in Australia indicates that the beach width has increased. However, this may all be attributed to local beach nourishment. Surfer’s perceptions are mixed and generally express negative views regarding the reefs’ performance. Studies quantifying the enhancement of biodiversity or the economic revenue attributable to the reef are very limited or absent. Only one study have addressed the issue of biodiversity enhancement, and suggested that the Narrowneck reef might have helped improving the local productivity. However, the reef still had lower biodiversity than adjacent natural reefs. Even though implementation processes have been variable among the projects, there are several common elements: reefs have been built with the main aim of surfing improvement; public involvement in the decision-making process is absent or limited to consultation at late stages in the process; feasibility and cost-benefits analysis are produced by the developers; environmental impact assessments are not widely available if at all; final budgets surpass initial estimate of costs; and there are no independent studies to assess the financial benefits accruing from ASRs. This paper therefore suggests that it is now a priority to establish protocols to: (a) regulating the implementation of ASRs; and (b) define standards for monitoring studies pre- and post-reef construction (preferably conducted independently) with the objective of quantifying its environmental and socio-economic impacts.

Keywords: artificial surfing reef, surf, coastal protection, integrated coastal management

 

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