Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada
Volume 11, Número 1, Março 2011, Páginas 115-134

DOI: 10.5894/rgci207
Submission – 30 Março 2010; Evaluation – 24 Maio 2010; Reception of revised manuscript – 16 Junho 2010; Available on-line – 14 July 2010

Anthropogenic litter in the SE Pacific: an overview of the problem and possible solutions *

Resíduos sólidos antropogênicos no Pacífico SE: uma revisão do problema e soluções possíveis

Martin Thiel ^{@, 1, 2}, Macarena Bravo ¹, Iván A. Hinojosa ¹,
Guillermo Luna ^1,2, Leonardo Miranda1, Paloma Núñez ¹,
Aldo S. Pacheco ³ & Nelson Vásquez ^1,4

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@ Corresponding Author. Tel.: +56-51-209939; fax: +56-51-209812. E-mail: thiel@ucn.cl
1Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
2Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile
3Universidad de Antofagasta, Facultad de Recursos del Mar, Av. Angamos 601, P.O. Box 170, Antofagasta, Chile
4Ilustre Municipalidad de Los Vilos, AV Caupolican 309, Los Vilos, Chile

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ABSTRACT
Litter from anthropogenic sources is commonly observed on beaches in the SE Pacific. The composition of litter found on the shore suggests that most of it has passed relatively little time at sea, and has mostly local sources. In southern Chile, stray items from aquaculture installations comprise most of the garbage, whereas in central and northern Chile and in Peru, general household litter is most common. Abundances are highest in areas with intense human activities, i.e. harbors, cities, and aquaculture centers. Impacts on the marine life are commonly observed, but have not been systematically studied in the SE Pacific. Estimated costs of litter on local beaches are high, as underlined by the high costs of beach cleaning, especially during the annual tourist season. Current data suggest that beaches without regular cleaning activities accumulate large amounts of litter. Regulations are in place to avoid littering at sea and on beaches, but law enforcement is limited mainly because the governmental bodies in charge are understaffed. Therefore, the most viable option to reduce the amount of litter is to reduce its production in the first place, improve reuse and recycling, and enhance environmental awareness. Several governmental and non-governmental organisations develop education programs that incorporate environmental aspects. The geographic coverage of these programs should be expanded. Furthermore, there is a need for long-term programs that inform the public about the need to reduce the amounts of waste and increase reuse and recycling in all sectors of society.

Keywords: beach litter; anthropogenic marine debris; beach survey; volunteer participation; environmental education; plastics.

RESUMO
Resíduos de fontes antropogênicas são comumente observados nas praias do sudeste (SE) do Pacífico. A composição do lixo encontrado na costa sugere que a maioria deles passou relativamente pouco tempo no mar, e tem principalmente fontes locais. No sul do Chile, itens perdidos das instalações de aqüicultura compreendem a maioria do lixo, enquanto que na região central e norte do Chile e no Peru, materiais domésticos são mais comuns. Abundâncias são maiores em áreas com intensa atividade humana, isto é, portos, cidades e centros de aqüicultura. Impactos sobre a vida marinha são comumente observados, mas não têm sido sistematicamente estudados no Pacífico SE. Os custos estimados do lixo nas praias locais são elevados, com destaque para os altos custos de limpeza de praia, especialmente durante a estação turística anual. Os dados atuais sugerem que as praias sem atividades regulares de limpeza acumulam grandes quantidades de lixo. Foram implantados regulamentos para evitar o lançamento de lixo no mar e nas praias, mas a aplicação da lei é limitada, principalmente porque os órgãos governamentais responsáveis não possuem mão-de-obra suficiente. A opção mais viável para reduzir a quantidade de lixo é, em primeiro lugar, a redução da produção do lixo, além de melhorar a reutilização e reciclagem e aumentar a conscientização ambiental. Várias organizações governamentais e não-governamentais desenvolvem programas de educação que incorporaram aspectos ambientais. A cobertura geográfica destes programas deve ser ampliada. Além disso, há a necessidade de programas de longo prazo que informem o público sobre a necessidade de reduzir as quantidades de resíduos e aumentar a reutilização e a reciclagem em todos os segmentos da sociedade.

Palavras-chave: lixo praial; lixo marinho antropogênico; monitoramento de praia; participação de voluntários, educação ambiental; plásticos.

 

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