Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada
Volume 10, Número 3, Setembro 2010, Páginas 255-279

DOI: 10.5894/rgci228
* Submissão – 16 Agosto 2010; Avaliação – 12 Setembro 2010; Recepção da versão revista – 21 Setembro 2010; Disponibilização on-line – 24 Setembro 2010

Integrated Coastal Zone Management in small islands: A comparative outline of some islands of the Lesser Antilles *

Gestão integrada da zona costeira em pequenas ilhas: uma abordagem comparativa de algumas ilhas das Pequenas Antilhas

Pascal Saffache ¹, Pierre Angelelli ^{@, 1}

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@ - Corresponding author : pierre.angelelli@martinique.univ-ag.fr
1 - Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Centre d’Etude et de Recherche en Economie, Modélisation, Gestion et Informatique Appliquée - Center for research and studies in economics, marketing, modelisation and applied computer science (CEREGMIA – EA 2440), Campus de Schoelcher, BP 7207, 97275 Schoelcher Cedex, Martinique (FWI), Phone : 05.96.72.74.00, Fax : 05.96.72.74.03. e-mails : pascal.saffache@martinique.univ-ag.fr, pierre.angelelli@martinique.univ-ag.fr

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ABSTRACT
Small islands are ipso facto largely coastal entities. Therefore, ICZM is important in the Lesser Antilles which border the Eastern Caribbean Sea – i.e. from Virgin Islands to Grenada – and includes French territories (Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Barthelemy and St. Martin), independent States and self-governing territories.
The Lesser Antilles, as we define them above, are very similar: located in the same geographical area they have common handicaps (small size, remoteness from mainland, insularity, small but concentrated population, narrow markets, economic dependence on a few products or services for export or import); they are very vulnerable to natural phenomena (hurricanes, earthquakes, erosion, tsunamis, volcanoes, global warming, rising sea levels, etc.) ; and they must protect their coastline and coastal waters because they are an important natural capital for them, which attracts tourist incomes strongly contributing (for some of them) to the economy. Because of these characteristics, the islands have mostly adhered to common international principles. This is particularly the Cartagena Convention (1983) prepared under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Programme, and its protocols (OSP 1983, SPAW 1990 and LBS 1999), Earth Summit (Rio 1992) and Chapter 17 of the “Agenda 21”, the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (Barbados 1994), the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg 2002).
Yet, despite these similarities, the Lesser Antilles islands differ in the implementation of integrated coastal zone management. These differences are illustrated in the article with examples from Guadeloupe (Desirade and Marie-Galante islands), Martinique (Le Robert bay), St. Lucia (Soufriere Parish) and others islands taking part in Coast and Beach Stability in the Caribbean Islands Program, and Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity Program (CARICOMP).
We advocate that the divergences of ICZM in the Lesser Antilles can be mostly explained by the way in which the economic valuation of coastal zones is considered (or is not considered) in each island.
Thus, in the case of the French islands, the value of coastal zones is in general not economically estimated, because the goods and services they provide are regarded by nature as non-market, belong to no one in their own and are to the free disposal of all. As a result, these goods and services are little managed or managed by defect by a mosaic of public authorities. Hence, the ICZM is concentrated on coordinating public programs and services. In Guadeloupe and Martinique, ICZM reflects this approach.
In the case of independent islands and self-governing territories in the Lesser Antilles, where the natural capital concretely plays an important role in the economy through tourism revenue, the economic valuation of goods and services “output” of the coastal zone is more developed. By measuring external economies and diseconomies, ICZM can become more operational as well in management itself as in the assessment of stakeholders interests and political prioritization in terms of town and country planning. So that it is less a question of coordinating policies and means, than having human and material means sufficient for the control of the policies.
We conclude that the absence of a protection policy based on the economic valuation of coastal areas hinders, in the French Lesser Antilles, the awareness of the degradation of coastal and marine environment.

Keywords: Caribbean Sea; Economic Valuation; Guadeloupe; Integrated Coastal Zone Management ; Martinique; Natural Capital; Outermost Regions of European Union; Positive and Negative Externalities; Small Island Developing States.

RESUMO
As pequenas ilhas são, por definição, entidades essencialmente costeiras. Neste contexto, a Gestão Integrada das Zonas Costeiras (GIZC) assume um papel importante para as Pequenas Antilhas situadas a leste do mar do Caribe (das Ilhas Virgens, a Norte, até Grenada, a Sul) incluindo os territórios franceses (Guadalupe, Martinica, Saint-Barthélemy e Saint-Martin), as ilhas independentes e os territórios autónomos.
Estas pequenas ilhas das Antilhas são muito similares: localizam-se na mesma área geográfica apresentando desvantagens também comuns (pequena superfície, afastamento, insularidade, população pouco numerosa mas concentrada, mercado económico limitado, dependência económica de um pequeno número de produtos ou serviços para exportação); apresentam ainda vulnerabilidade aos fenómenos naturais (furacões, terramotos, erosão, tsunamis, vulcões, aquecimento global, etc.), e a necessidade de proteger o litoral e as águas costeiras uma vez que estes constituem um capital natural atractivo, que permitem captar rendimentos do turismo que contribuem significativamente para a sua economia. Face a tais características, estes territórios insulares têm vindo a aderir a princípios comuns internacionais, em particular os da Convenção de Cartagena (1983) e seus protocolos, da Cimeira da Terra e do Capítulo 17 da “Agenda 21” (1992), do Programa de Acção Barbados para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável dos Pequenos Estados Insulares (1994), e da Cimeira Mundial do Desenvolvimento Sustentável (Joanesburgo 2002).
No entanto, apesar das semelhanças, as Pequenas Antilhas divergem na aplicação dos princípios da GIZC. Estas divergências são ilustradas no presente artigo a partir de exemplos de Guadalupe (ilha de Desirade e ilha de Marie-Galante), Martinica (município litoral do Robert), Santa Lúcia (freguesia da Soufriere) e diversas ilhas anglófonas que participam nos programas Coast and Beach Stability in the Caribbean Islands Program, e no Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity Program.
No presente artigo, demonstra-se que as divergências da aplicação dos princípios da GIZC nas Pequenas Antilhas pode ser explicado, fundamentalmente, pelo modo como a avaliação económica das zonas costeiras é considerada (ou não é considerada), em cada ilha.
Assim, no caso das ilhas francesas, o valor das zonas costeiras, em geral, não é economicamente tido em consideração, uma vez que os bens e serviços que oferecem são considerados, por natureza, como não pertencendo a ninguém e, por isso, disponíveis gratuitamente para todos. Como resultado, as zonas costeiras encontram-se literalmente sem valor comercial explícito e são pouco geridas, ou então administradas por defeito por um mosaico de poderes públicos. O exemplo de Guadalupe e Martinica demonstram o modo como a GIZC se focaliza na coordenação de programas e serviços públicos.
Nas ilhas independentes e territórios autónomos das Pequenas Antilhas, o capital natural desempenha um importante contributo para a economia que resulta das receitas provenientes do turismo. A valoração económica dos bens e serviços gerados pelas zonas costeiras é muito mais desenvolvida.
Através da medição das economias e “deseconomias” externas, a GIZC poderá tornar-se mais operativa quer na sua própria gestão, quer igualmente na avaliação dos interesses locais e na classificação das prioridades políticas, em termos de ordenamento do território. Desta circunstância observa-se tratar-se de uma questão de dispor dos meios humanos e materiais suficientes para a condução das políticas, mais do que de coordenar políticas e meios.
Concluí-se do estudo efectuado nas ilhas francesas das Pequenas Antilhas que a ausência de uma política de protecção apoiada no valor económico estimado da zona costeira, poderá ser responsável pelo atraso na tomada de consciência e na degradação dos ambientes litorais e marinhos dos territórios insulares, de pequena dimensão.

Palavras-chave: Mar do Caribe; Guadalupe; Gestão Integrada da Zona Costeira; Pequenas Antilhas; Capital Natural; Martinica; Regiões Ultraperiféricas da União Europeia.

 

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