Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada
Volume 13, Número 4, Dezembro 2013, Páginas 473-489

DOI: 10.5894/rgci407
* Submission: April 6, 2013; Evaluation: May 20, 2013; Reception of revised manuscript: August 17, 2013; Accepted: October 7, 2013; Available on-line: December 2, 2013
** Portuguese Title, Abstract and captions by Ulisses M Azeiteiro on behalf of the Journal Editorial Board

Some remarks on Mangroves in the Lesser Antilles *

Algumas reflexões sobre manguezais nas Pequenas Antilhas **

Pierre Angelelli ^{@, 1}, Pascal Saffache ²

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@ - Corresponding author
1 - Centre d’Etude et de Recherche en Economie, Gestion, Modélisation et Informatique Appliquée - Centre for research and studies in economics, management, modeling and applied computer science (CEREGMIA – EA 2440) – Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (The University of the French West Indies and Guiana), Campus de Schoelcher, BP 7207, 97275 Schoelcher Cedex, Martinique (FWI). E-mail: pierre.angelelli@martinique.univ-ag.fr
2 - Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (The University of the French West Indies and Guiana), Campus de Schoelcher, BP 7207, 97275 Schoelcher Cedex, Martinique (FWI).  E-mail: pascal.saffache@martinique.univ-ag.fr

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ABSTRACT
During the past thirty years the surface of mangrove swamps in the Lesser Antilles has globally decreased over twenty percent. The phenomenon is worldwide spread but the Lesser Antilles’ issues remain noteworthy because, due to the small size of these islands, prejudices on the mangrove swamps may have significant impacts. This paper starts to address some methodological remarks about statistics concerning mangroves (before the nineties, long-term data are incomplete and they impede a good estimate of the evolution of this ecosystem) and is mainly divided in two parts. In the first part, we briefly recall the importance of mangrove swamps in the Lesser Antilles. Despite the different physical characteristics of these islands, mangroves appear from several points of view as one of the common feature in these islands. Quantitatively, from 1980 to 2010, the area occupied by mangroves has regressed in the Lesser Antilles and in the world in general. Mangroves were soon disqualified owing to their inaccessibility and unhealthiness. Furthermore, deprived of their traditional functions, they have been progressively marginalized with economic development and rising living standards in small islands economies notwithstanding their positive role as an ecosystem. Highlighted since the 1980s, this role appears particularly evident in the field of marine resources and protection against hurricanes and tsunamis, but also to help restore the quality of coastal waters and biodiversity. In the second part of this paper, we wonder about the paradox faced by the inhabitants of the Lesser Antilles. On the one hand they really cannot prevent major natural threats on their wetlands like global climate change, hurricanes, earthquakes, volcanoes or tsunamis. And on the other hand, due to their territorial and political scale, these small islands should be able to act against local anthropogenic threats i.e. deforestation, household effluents, agriculture, urbanization, tourism, etc. Indeed, the Lesser Antilles islands have adopted the principles of ecosystem protection and integrated development of coastal areas (including various international conventions in this area). The land use policy, the urban planning, the building on the coastline or next to the mangroves are theoretically under public control. But the paradox is that effective provisions and outcomes are often weak against direct anthropogenic threats even if local solutions do not seem to be out of reach. We give a few typical examples illustrating the damage to mangroves in these islands today whatever the political status or the administrative organization. We conclude by considering that the case of mangroves in the Lesser Antilles may be a good illustration of the economic problem posed by the management of the commons. Shortly, the protection granted to goods depends on the value of goods. As for us the continuous decrease of mangrove surfaces reflects the lack of recognition of their value at every sense of the word. Even outside the market system, the recovery and the protection of mangrove swamps should first involve the determination of their explicit economic value.

Keywords: Caribbean islands, commons, mangrove swamps, social opportunity cost, wetlands.

RESUMO
Nos últimos 30 anos a superfície coberta por manguezais nas Pequenas Antilhas diminuiu vinte por cento. O fenómeno embora generalizado é notável nas Pequenas Antilhas, isto porque devido ao pequeno tamanho destas ilhas os danos nos manguezais podem ter impactos significativos. Neste artigo são abordadas de início algumas questões metodológicas sobre as estatísticas relativas aos manguezais (antes da década 1990 os dados são incompletos e impedem uma boa estimativa da evolução do ecossistema) e divide-se em duas partes. Na primeira parte, recordamos brevemente a importância dos manguezais nas Pequenas Antilhas. Apesar das diferentes características físicas destas ilhas, os manguezais aparecem como uma das características comuns nessas ilhas. Em termos quantitativos, entre 1980 e 2010, o espaço ocupado por manguezais regrediu mais rápido nas Pequenas Antilhas do que a média mundial. Os manguezais foram então rapidamente desclassificado pela sua inacessibilidade e insalubridade. Além disso, privados de suas funções tradicionais foram progressivamente marginalizados relativamente ao desenvolvimento económico e padrões de vida das pequenas economias insulares apesar do seu papel ambiental como ecossistemas prestadores de serviços. Desde os anos 1980, esse papel de prestadores de serviços ecossistémicos fica particularmente evidente em matéria de recursos marinhos e da protecção contra furacões e tsunamis como também para a restauração da qualidade das águas costeiras e da biodiversidade. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, questiona-se sobre o paradoxo enfrentado pelos habitantes das Pequenas Antilhas. Por um lado, eles não podem evitar as principais ameaças naturais nestas áreas húmidas, como a mudança do clima, furacões, terramotos, vulcões e tsunamis. Por outro lado, devido à sua dimensão territorial e política, estas pequenas ilhas devem ser capazes de agir contra ameaças antropogénicas, ou seja locais de desflorestamento, efluentes domésticos, agricultura, urbanização, turismo, etc. Na verdade, as Pequenas Antilhas adoptaram os princípios da protecção dos ecossistemas e a gestão integrada das zonas costeiras (incluindo diversas convenções internacionais nesta área). A política de uso do solo, o planeamento urbano, com base na zona costeira ou próximo aos manguezais estão teoricamente sob controlo público. O paradoxo é que mesmo com normas eficazes e bons resultados na aplicação das mesmas as ameaças antropogénicas sobrepõem-se. São ainda ilustrados alguns exemplos dos danos infligidos aos manguezais nas ilhas independentemente do estatuto político ou a organização administrativa destas. Conclui-se que o caso dos manguezais nas Pequenas Antilhas pode ser uma boa ilustração do problema económico da gestão dos bens comuns. Brevemente, a protecção concedida aos bens depende do valor dos bens. A diminuição contínua das superfícies de mangue (e sua recuperação e protecção) reflecte a falta de reconhecimento de seu valor em todos os sentidos da palavra. Mesmo fora do sistema de economia de mercado, a recuperação e a protecção de manguezais exigem previamente a determinação de seu valor económica explícito.

Palavras-chave: Ilhas do Caribe, bens comuns, manguezais, custo de oportunidade social, zonas húmidas.

 

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