Volume 15, Issue 4 - December 2015
|
|
- Abstract / Resumo
- References / Bibliografia
- Citations / Citações
Revista de Gestão Costeira
Integrada
Volume
15, Número 4, Dezembro 2015, Páginas 467-484
DOI: 10.5894/rgci553
* Submission: 11 SEP 2014; Peer review: 11 OCT 2014; Revised: 25 MAY
2015; Accepted: 7 JUN 2015; Available on-line: 8 JUN 2015
Supporting Information (295KB, PDF)
Long-term morphological evolution of urban pocket beaches in
Montevideo (Uruguay): impacts of coastal interventions and links to
climate forcing *
Ofelia Gutiérrez @, a; Daniel Panarioa; Gustavo J. Nagyb; Gustavo Piñeiroc; Carlos Montesd
@ - Corresponding author to whom
correspondence should be addressed.
a - Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de
Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales (IECA), UNCIEP, Montevideo, Uruguay. e-mails:
Gutiérrez <oguti@fcien.edu.uy>;
<gutierrez.ofelia@gmail.com>;
Panario
<panari@fcien.edu.uy>;
<daniel.panario@gmail.com>
b - Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de
Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales (IECA), Grupo de Cambio Ambiental y
Gestión Costero Marina, Oceanografía y Ecología Marina, Montevideo,
Uruguay. e-mail: <gnagy@fcien.edu.uy>;
<gnagy@gmail.com>
c - Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de
Ciencias Geológicas, Departamento de Evolución de Cuencas, Montevideo,
Uruguay. e-mail: <gaitapi@fcien.edu.uy>;
<estudiosgeologicos@gmail.com>
d - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento
de Ecología, Madrid, España. e-mail:
<carlos.montes@uam.es>
ABSTRACT
Two pocket beaches, Ramírez and Pocitos (Montevideo, Uruguay) are analyzed to assessing their evolution (erosion/accretion) associated with human interventions and climatic forcings from 1927-2008. A multitemporal study was conducted using GIS, long series of aerial photos, satellite imagery, survey of historical background, and statistical analysis. Qualitative indicators of the stability of the beach area are proposed. The relevance of this methodology is analyzed on beaches whose fluctuations tend to mask their long-term evolution. Both beaches remain relatively stable but fluctuating since 1927, with slight loss of surface, especially in Ramírez. The influence of the following factors is discussed: i) human interventions; ii) ENSO events; iii) storm surges; iv) changes in beach area according to the Bruun rule and rising sea level in Montevideo. Although the four of them appear to have acted in different periods, the evidence is not conclusive regarding their relative quantitative importance. This article highlights the importance of using long series of remote sensing and historical analysis to interpret processes linked to inertia of the past in environments that have been modified from longstanding. The trend analysis of these two urban pocket beaches allows to infer that their resilience has not been affected yet, which would allow them to face not extreme climatic stressors. For the purpose of better management it is recommended to: i) conduct continuous monitoring; ii) minimize the actions of mechanized cleaning and sand losses by leakage or removal; iii) implement the reconstruction of natural structures such as primary dunes; and iv) apply the methodology explained in this paper in other Montevideo urban beaches to better understand the climate forcings.
Keywords: Remote sensing, sandy beaches, coastline proxy records, erosion/accretion, omega parameter, coastal management
Evolução morfológica de longo prazo das praias urbanas de bolso de Montevidéu (Uruguai): impactos das intervenções costeiras e relações com as forçantes climáticas
RESUMOEvolução morfológica de longo prazo das praias urbanas de bolso de Montevidéu (Uruguai): impactos das intervenções costeiras e relações com as forçantes climáticas. Duas praias de bolso, Ramírez e Pocitos (Montevideo, Uruguai) foram analisados para avaliar a sua evolução (erosão / acreção) associado a intervenções humanas e forçantes climáticas durante o período 1927-2008. Para tal, desenvolveu-se estudo multitemporal utilizando GIS, uma série longa de fotos aéreas, imagens de satélite, exame dos antecedentes históricos, e análise estatística. São propostos indicadores qualitativos da estabilidade da praia. A relevância da metodologia utilizada é analisada em praias cujas variações tendem a mascarar a sua evolução a longo prazo. Ambas as praias permaneceram, desde 1927, relativamente estáveis, embora com variações e ligeira perda de superfície, especialmente a praia de Ramirez. Neste artigo é discutida a influência dos seguintes fatores: i) intervenções humanas; ii) eventos de El Niño; iii) temporais; iv) mudanças na praia de acordo com a regra Bruun e elevação do nível do mar, em Montevidéu. Embora os quatro fatores referidos tenham atuado em diferentes períodos, as evidências não são conclusivas quanto à sua importância quantitativa relativa. O artigo destaca a importância da utilização de séries longas de sensoriamento remoto e da análise histórica na interpretação dos processos ligados à inércia do passado em ambientes que foram modificados desde há muito. A análise de tendências destas duas praias urbanas de bolso permite inferir que a sua resistência ainda não foi afetada, o que lhes permitiria enfrentar os estressores climáticos extremos. Com o objetivo de conseguir uma melhor gestão, recomenda-se: i) realizar monitoramento contínuo; ii) minimizar as ações de limpeza mecanizada e as perdas de areia por vazamento ou remoção; iii) implementar a reconstrução de estruturas naturais, como dunas primárias; e iv) aplicar a metodologia apresentada neste artigo noutras praias urbanas de Montevidéu para compreender melhor as forçantes climáticas.
Palavras-chave: sensoriamento remoto, praias de areia, indicadores da linha de costa, erosão / acreção, parâmetros omega, gestão costeira.
Almeida, D. (2012) - Land
use changes in Costa de Caparica and
Albufeira: an input to coastal management. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management / Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada,
12(3):263–275. DOI: 10.5894/rgci326
Armaroli, C.; Ciavola, P.; Balouin, Y.; Gatti, M. (2006) - An Integrated
Study of Shoreline Variability Using GIS and ARGUS Techniques. Journal of Coastal Research (ISSN: 0749-0208), SI39:473–477, Itajaí, SC, Brazil. Available on line at http://siaiacad09.univali.br/ics2004/arquivos/
94_armaroli.pdf.
Baptista, P.; Cunha, T.; Bernardes, C.; Gama, C.; Ferreira, Ó.; Dias, A. (2011) - A Precise and Efficient Methodology to Analyse the Shoreline Displacement Rate. Journal of Coastal Research, 27:223–232.
DOI: 10.2112/09-1187.1
Barrios-Pintos, A. (1971) - Montevideo, Los Barrios I. Editorial Nuestra Tierra. 62p., Impresora Rex S.A., Montevideo, Uruguay. Available on line at http://www.periodicas.edu.uy/o/Nuestra_tierra/pdfs/
4-Montevideo_Los_barrios_I.pdf.
Bidegain, M.; Caffera, R.M.; Blixen, F.; Pshennikov, V.; Lagomarsino, J.J.; Forbes, E.A.; Nagy, G.J. (2005) - Tendencias climáticas, hidrológicas, y oceanográficas en el Río de la Plata y Costa Uruguaya. In: V. Barros, Á. Menéndez & G.J. Nagy (eds.), El Cambio Climático en el Río de la Plata, pp.137–143, Project assessments of impacts and adaptation to climate change (AIACC), CIMA/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Available on line at http://www.cima.fcen.uba.ar/~lcr/libros/
Cambio_Climatico-Texto.pdf.
Bird, E.C.F. (1985) - Coastline changes: A global review. 219p., Wiley, Chichester, U.S.A. ISBN: 978-0471906498.
Boak, E.H.; Turner, I.L. (2005) - Shoreline Definition and Detection: A Review. Journal of Coastal Research, 21(4):688–703.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/03-0071.1
Brown, A.C.; McLachlan, A. (2002) - Sandy shore ecosystems and the threats facing them: some predictions for the year 2025. Environmental
Conservation, 29(01):62–77. DOI: 10.1017/S037689290200005X
Carter, R.W.G. (1988) - Coastal Environments: An Introduction to the Physical, Ecological and Cultural Systems of Coastlines. 617p., Academic Press, London, England. ISBN: 978-0121618568.
Ciavola, P.; Corbau, C.; Cibin, U.; Perini, L. (2003) - Mapping the coastal zone of the Emilia-Romagna region using geographical information systems. In: E. Özhan (ed.), Proceedings of The Sixth International Conference on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment, Volume III, pp.2363–2374, MEDCOAST, Ravenna, Italy. Available on line at
http://www.medcoast.net/modul/index/menu/MEDCOAST-03/209.
DECCW (2010) – Coastal Risk Management Guide. Incorporating sea level rise benchmarks in coastal risk assessments. 6p., Department
of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW, Sydney South, Australia. ISBN: 978-1742329222. Available on line at http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au.
Dias, J.M.A.; Boski, T.; Rodrigues, A.L.; Magalhães, F. (2000) - Coast line evolution in Portugal since the Last Glacial Maximum until present — a synthesis. Marine Geology, 170(1-2):177–186.
DOI: 10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00073-6
Dias, J.M.A.; Mahiques, M.M. de; Cearreta, A. (2012) - Coastal Management: the result of a doubtful relationship between Man and Nature. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management / Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada, 12(1):3–6, DOI: 10.5894/rgci331
Dolan, R.; Hayden, B.P.; Heywood, J. (1978) - A new photogrammetric
method for determining shoreline erosion. Coastal Engineering, 2:21–39. DOI: 10.1016/0378-3839(78)90003-0
Dolan, R.; Hayden, B.P.; May, P.; May, S. (1980) - The reliability of shoreline change measurements from aerial photographs. Shore & Beach (ISSN: 0037-4237), 48(4):22–29, American Shore & Beach Preservation Association, Fort Myers, FL, U.S.A.
Dolch, T. (2010) - Analysis of Long-Term Changes of a Sandy Shoreline Utilising High-Resolution Aerial Photography. In: D.R. Green (ed.), Coastal and Marine Geospatial Technologies, Coastal Systems and Continental Margins. pp. 187–196, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9720-1_17
Echevarría, L.; Gómez, A.; Piriz, C.; Quintas, C.; Tejera, R.; Conde, D. (2013) - Capacity building for local coastal managers: a participatory
approach for Integrated Coastal and Marine Zones Management in Uruguay. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management / Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada, 13(4):445–456. DOI: 10.5894/rgci402
Ferreira, Ó.; Garcia, T.; Matias, A.; Taborda, R.; Dias, J.M.A. (2006) - An integrated method for the determination of set-back lines for coastal erosion hazards on sandy shores. Continental Shelf Research, 26:1030–1044. DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2005.12.016
Freitas, J.G. de; Dias, J.M.A. (2012) - Praia da Rocha (Algarve, Portugal):
um paradigma da antropização do litoral. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management / Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada, 12(1):31–42. DOI: 10.5894/rgci317
García-Moyano, G. (1969) - Pueblo de los Pocitos. 111p., Ediciones
de la Banda Oriental, Montevideo, Uruguay.
García, V.I. (1908) - Proyecto de saneamiento de la cuenca de los Pocitos. Revista de la Asociación de Ingenieros y Arquitectos del Uruguay (ISSN: 0797-4973), 2(10):22–29, Asociación de Ingenieros
y Arquitectos del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay. Available on line at http://www.fing.edu.uy/biblioteca/bibliografias/vicente 2.pdf/
Gutiérrez, O.; Panario, D. (2005) - Dinámica geomorfológica de la
desembocadura del Arroyo Pando, Uruguay. Geografía histórica y SIG, análisis de tendencias naturales y efectos antrópicos sobre sistemas dinámicos. Xeográfica, Revista de Xeografía, Territorio E Medio Ambiente (ISSN: 1578-5637), 5:107–126, Departamento de Xeografía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España. Available on line at https://dspace.usc.es/bitstream/10347/
3742/1/P%C3%A1ginasdesdeXEOGRAFICA_5_2005-6.pdf.
Hammer, Ø.; Harper, D.A.T.; Ryan, P.D. (2001) - PAST: paleontological
statistics software package for education and data analysis.
Palaeontologia Electronica, 4(1): art. 4 (9p.).
DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.05.025
Klemas, V. (2011) - Remote Sensing Techniques for Studying Coastal Ecosystems: An Overview. Journal of Coastal Research, 27:2–17.
DOI: 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00103.1
Magrin, G.; García, C.G.; Choque, D.C.; Giménez, J.C.; Moreno, A.R.; Nagy, G.J.; Nobre, C.; Villamizar, A. (2007) - Latin America. Climate Change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. In: M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden & C.E. Hanson (eds.), Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, pp.581–615, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. ISBN: 978-0521880107. Available on line at http://www.ipcc.ch/
publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch13.html.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) - Ecosystems & Human
Well-Being: Wetlands and water Synthesis. 68p., World Resources
Institute, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. ISBN: 1-5697-35972. Available
on-line at http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/
document.358.aspx.pdf.
Moore, L.J.; Ruggiero, P.; List, J.H. (2006) - Comparing mean high water and high water line shorelines: Should prosy-datum offsets be incorporated into shoreline change analysis? Journal of Coastal Research, 22(4):894–905. DOI: 10.2112/04-0401.1
MTOP/UNDP/UNESCO (1979) - Conservación y mejora de playas - URU. 73.007. 593p., Unesco, Montevideo, Uruguay. Available on line at http://www.ecoplata.org/wpcontent/files_mf/1396027637
Conservaci%C3%B3nymejoradeplayasURU.73.007.pdf.
Nagy, G.J.; Ponce, A.; Pshennikov, V.; Silva, R.; Forbes, E.A.; Kokot, R. (2005) - Desarrollo de la capacidad de evaluación de la vulnerabilidad costera al Cambio Climático: Zona Oeste de Montevideo como caso de estudio. In: V. Barros, Á. Menéndez & G.J. Nagy (eds.), El Cambio climático en el Río de la Plata, pp.173–180, Project assessments of impacts and adaptation to climate change (AIACC), CIMA/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Available on line at
http://www.cima.fcen.uba.ar/~lcr/libros/Cambio_Climatico-Texto.pdf.
Nagy, G.J.; Seijo, L.; Verocai, J.E.; Brugnoli, E.; Bidegain M. (2013) - Enfoque, conocimiento y medidas para enfrentar las amenazas del clima presente en la zona frontal del Río de la Plata, Uruguay. Costas, Revista Iberoamericana de Manejo Costero Integrado (ISNN: 2304-0963), 2(2):69-87, UNESCO, Montevideo, Uruguay. Available on line at
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002270/227017m.pdf#227739.
Nagy, G.J.; Seijo, L.; Verocai, J.E.; Bidegain, M. (2014a) - Stakeholders’ climate perception and adaptation in coastal Uruguay. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 6(1):63-84. DOI: 10.1108/IJCCSM-03-2013-0035
Nagy, G.J.; Muñoz, N.; Verocai, J.E.; Bidegain, M.; Seijo, L. (2014b) - Adjusting to current climate threats and building alternative future scenarios for the Rio de la Plata coast and estuarine front, Uruguay. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management / Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada, 14(4):553-568. DOI: 10.5894/rgci472
Nagy, G.J.; Gómez-Erache, M.; Kay, R. (2015) - A risk-based and
participatory approach to assessing climate vulnerability and improving
governance in coastal Uruguay. In: Bruce Glavovic, Michael Kelly, Robert Kay & Ailbhe Travers (eds.), Climate change and the coast. Building resilient communities, pp.357–378, CRC Press / Taylor & Francis, London. ISBN: 978-0415464871. DOI: 10.1201/b18053-23
Nicholls, R.J.; Hanson, S.E.; Lowe, J.A.; Warrick, R.A.; Lu, X.; Long, A.J.; Carter, T.R. (2011) - Constructing Sea-Level Scenarios for Impact and Adaptation Assessment of Coastal Area: A Guidance Document. 47p., Supporting Material, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Task Group on Data and Scenario Support for Impact and Climate Analysis (TGICA). Available on line at http://www.ipccdata.org/docs/
Sea_Level_Scenario_Guidance_Oct2011.pdf.
Nordstrom, K.F. (2004) - Beaches and dunes of developed coasts. 356p., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
ISBN: 978-0521545761.
Ortega, L.; Celentano, E.; Finkl, C.; Defeo, O. (2013) - Effects of climate variability on the morphodynamics of Uruguayan sandy beaches. Journal of Coastal Research, 29(4):747–755.
DOI: 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-13-00003.1
Overton, M.F.; Grenier, R.R.; Judge, J.E.K.; Fisher, J.S. (1999) -
Identification and Analysis of Coastal Erosion Hazard Areas: Dare and Brunswick Counties, North Carolina. Journal of Coastal Research (ISSN: 0749-0208), Si28:69–84, Coastal Education & Research Foundation, Coconut Creek, U.S.A. Available on line at http://www.jstor.org/stable/
25736187
Panario, D.; Gutiérrez, O. (2006) - Dinámica y fuentes de sedimentos de las playas uruguayas. In: R. Menafra, L. Rodríguez-Gallego, F. Scarabino & D. Conde (eds.), Bases para la conservación y el manejo de la costa uruguaya, pp.21–34, Vida Silvestre Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay. ISBN: 9974-758920. Available on line at http://vidasilvestre.org.uy/
wpcontent/uploads/2012/09/03_Dinámicas-y-fuentes-de-sedimentos-
de-lasplayas-uruguayas-Panario.pdf.
Pilkey, O.H.; Neal, W.J.; Cooper, J.A.G.; Kelley, J.T. (2011) - The World’s Beaches. A Global Guide to the Science of the Shoreline. 302p., University of California Press, Berkeley, C.A., U.S.A.
ISBN: 978-0520268722.
R Core Team (2013) - R: A language and environment for statistical
computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
Available on line at http://www.R-project.org/.
Ribeiro, J. dos S.; Sousa, P.H.G. de O.; Vieira, D.R.; Siegle, E. (2013) - Evolução da vulnerabilidade à erosão costeira na Praia de Massaguaçú (SP), Brasil. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management / Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada, 13(3):253–265. DOI: 10.5894/rgci377
Ros, F.J. (1923) - Pleito - Pocitos. Su historia y el dictamen profesional
que a pedido de los propietarios demandados produjo el Agrimensor D. Francisco J. Ros. 253p., M. García (ed.), Imprenta El Siglo Ilustrado (Colección Estudio), Montevideo, Uruguay. Available at: Biblioteca de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
Saizar, A. (1997) - Assessment of impacts of a potential sea-level rise on the coast of Montevideo, Uruguay. Climate Research, 9(1-2):73–79. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr009073
Sato, S.; Kishimoto, S.; Hiramatsu, H. (2011) - Long-term evolution
of sand and gravel beaches on the Miyazaki Coast. Coastal Engineering
Proceedings [S.l.] (Online), 1(32):sediment.57.
DOI: 10.9753/icce.v32.sediment.57
Severov, D.N.; Mordecki, E.; Pshennikov, V. (2004) - SST anomaly
variability in Southwestern Atlantic and El Niño/Southern oscillation.
Advances in Space Research, 33(3):343–347.
DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00479-4
Splinter, K.D.; Turner, I.L.; Davidson, M.A. (2013) - How much data is enough? The importance of morphological sampling interval and duration for calibration of empirical shoreline models. Coastal Engineering, 77:14–27. DOI: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2013.02.009
Verocai, J.; Bidegain, M.; Nagy, G.J. (2014) - Nivel del mar y eventos extremos en las aguas costeras del Río de la Plata y costa oceánica uruguaya. In: C. Goso (ed.), Nuevas miradas a la Problemática de los Ambientes Costeros. Sur de Brasil, Uruguay y Argentina, pp.131-146, DIRAC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay. ISBN: 978-9974011236.
Verocai, J.E.; Gómez-Erache, M.; Nagy, G.J.; Bidegain, M. (2015) -
Addressing climate extremes in Coastal Management: The case of the Uruguayan coast of the Rio de la Plata System. Journal of Integrated
Coastal Zone Management / Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada, 15(1):91–107. DOI: 10.5894/rgci555
Wright, L. D.; Short, A.D. (1984) - Morphodynamic variability of surf zones and beaches: A synthesis. Marine Geology, 56(1-4):93–118.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/0025322784900082
Albufeira: an input to coastal management. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management / Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada,
12(3):263–275. DOI: 10.5894/rgci326
Armaroli, C.; Ciavola, P.; Balouin, Y.; Gatti, M. (2006) - An Integrated
Study of Shoreline Variability Using GIS and ARGUS Techniques. Journal of Coastal Research (ISSN: 0749-0208), SI39:473–477, Itajaí, SC, Brazil. Available on line at http://siaiacad09.univali.br/ics2004/arquivos/
94_armaroli.pdf.
Baptista, P.; Cunha, T.; Bernardes, C.; Gama, C.; Ferreira, Ó.; Dias, A. (2011) - A Precise and Efficient Methodology to Analyse the Shoreline Displacement Rate. Journal of Coastal Research, 27:223–232.
DOI: 10.2112/09-1187.1
Barrios-Pintos, A. (1971) - Montevideo, Los Barrios I. Editorial Nuestra Tierra. 62p., Impresora Rex S.A., Montevideo, Uruguay. Available on line at http://www.periodicas.edu.uy/o/Nuestra_tierra/pdfs/
4-Montevideo_Los_barrios_I.pdf.
Bidegain, M.; Caffera, R.M.; Blixen, F.; Pshennikov, V.; Lagomarsino, J.J.; Forbes, E.A.; Nagy, G.J. (2005) - Tendencias climáticas, hidrológicas, y oceanográficas en el Río de la Plata y Costa Uruguaya. In: V. Barros, Á. Menéndez & G.J. Nagy (eds.), El Cambio Climático en el Río de la Plata, pp.137–143, Project assessments of impacts and adaptation to climate change (AIACC), CIMA/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Available on line at http://www.cima.fcen.uba.ar/~lcr/libros/
Cambio_Climatico-Texto.pdf.
Bird, E.C.F. (1985) - Coastline changes: A global review. 219p., Wiley, Chichester, U.S.A. ISBN: 978-0471906498.
Boak, E.H.; Turner, I.L. (2005) - Shoreline Definition and Detection: A Review. Journal of Coastal Research, 21(4):688–703.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/03-0071.1
Brown, A.C.; McLachlan, A. (2002) - Sandy shore ecosystems and the threats facing them: some predictions for the year 2025. Environmental
Conservation, 29(01):62–77. DOI: 10.1017/S037689290200005X
Carter, R.W.G. (1988) - Coastal Environments: An Introduction to the Physical, Ecological and Cultural Systems of Coastlines. 617p., Academic Press, London, England. ISBN: 978-0121618568.
Ciavola, P.; Corbau, C.; Cibin, U.; Perini, L. (2003) - Mapping the coastal zone of the Emilia-Romagna region using geographical information systems. In: E. Özhan (ed.), Proceedings of The Sixth International Conference on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment, Volume III, pp.2363–2374, MEDCOAST, Ravenna, Italy. Available on line at
http://www.medcoast.net/modul/index/menu/MEDCOAST-03/209.
DECCW (2010) – Coastal Risk Management Guide. Incorporating sea level rise benchmarks in coastal risk assessments. 6p., Department
of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW, Sydney South, Australia. ISBN: 978-1742329222. Available on line at http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au.
Dias, J.M.A.; Boski, T.; Rodrigues, A.L.; Magalhães, F. (2000) - Coast line evolution in Portugal since the Last Glacial Maximum until present — a synthesis. Marine Geology, 170(1-2):177–186.
DOI: 10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00073-6
Dias, J.M.A.; Mahiques, M.M. de; Cearreta, A. (2012) - Coastal Management: the result of a doubtful relationship between Man and Nature. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management / Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada, 12(1):3–6, DOI: 10.5894/rgci331
Dolan, R.; Hayden, B.P.; Heywood, J. (1978) - A new photogrammetric
method for determining shoreline erosion. Coastal Engineering, 2:21–39. DOI: 10.1016/0378-3839(78)90003-0
Dolan, R.; Hayden, B.P.; May, P.; May, S. (1980) - The reliability of shoreline change measurements from aerial photographs. Shore & Beach (ISSN: 0037-4237), 48(4):22–29, American Shore & Beach Preservation Association, Fort Myers, FL, U.S.A.
Dolch, T. (2010) - Analysis of Long-Term Changes of a Sandy Shoreline Utilising High-Resolution Aerial Photography. In: D.R. Green (ed.), Coastal and Marine Geospatial Technologies, Coastal Systems and Continental Margins. pp. 187–196, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9720-1_17
Echevarría, L.; Gómez, A.; Piriz, C.; Quintas, C.; Tejera, R.; Conde, D. (2013) - Capacity building for local coastal managers: a participatory
approach for Integrated Coastal and Marine Zones Management in Uruguay. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management / Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada, 13(4):445–456. DOI: 10.5894/rgci402
Ferreira, Ó.; Garcia, T.; Matias, A.; Taborda, R.; Dias, J.M.A. (2006) - An integrated method for the determination of set-back lines for coastal erosion hazards on sandy shores. Continental Shelf Research, 26:1030–1044. DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2005.12.016
Freitas, J.G. de; Dias, J.M.A. (2012) - Praia da Rocha (Algarve, Portugal):
um paradigma da antropização do litoral. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management / Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada, 12(1):31–42. DOI: 10.5894/rgci317
García-Moyano, G. (1969) - Pueblo de los Pocitos. 111p., Ediciones
de la Banda Oriental, Montevideo, Uruguay.
García, V.I. (1908) - Proyecto de saneamiento de la cuenca de los Pocitos. Revista de la Asociación de Ingenieros y Arquitectos del Uruguay (ISSN: 0797-4973), 2(10):22–29, Asociación de Ingenieros
y Arquitectos del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay. Available on line at http://www.fing.edu.uy/biblioteca/bibliografias/vicente 2.pdf/
Gutiérrez, O.; Panario, D. (2005) - Dinámica geomorfológica de la
desembocadura del Arroyo Pando, Uruguay. Geografía histórica y SIG, análisis de tendencias naturales y efectos antrópicos sobre sistemas dinámicos. Xeográfica, Revista de Xeografía, Territorio E Medio Ambiente (ISSN: 1578-5637), 5:107–126, Departamento de Xeografía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, España. Available on line at https://dspace.usc.es/bitstream/10347/
3742/1/P%C3%A1ginasdesdeXEOGRAFICA_5_2005-6.pdf.
Hammer, Ø.; Harper, D.A.T.; Ryan, P.D. (2001) - PAST: paleontological
statistics software package for education and data analysis.
Palaeontologia Electronica, 4(1): art. 4 (9p.).
DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.05.025
Klemas, V. (2011) - Remote Sensing Techniques for Studying Coastal Ecosystems: An Overview. Journal of Coastal Research, 27:2–17.
DOI: 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00103.1
Magrin, G.; García, C.G.; Choque, D.C.; Giménez, J.C.; Moreno, A.R.; Nagy, G.J.; Nobre, C.; Villamizar, A. (2007) - Latin America. Climate Change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. In: M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden & C.E. Hanson (eds.), Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, pp.581–615, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. ISBN: 978-0521880107. Available on line at http://www.ipcc.ch/
publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch13.html.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) - Ecosystems & Human
Well-Being: Wetlands and water Synthesis. 68p., World Resources
Institute, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. ISBN: 1-5697-35972. Available
on-line at http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/
document.358.aspx.pdf.
Moore, L.J.; Ruggiero, P.; List, J.H. (2006) - Comparing mean high water and high water line shorelines: Should prosy-datum offsets be incorporated into shoreline change analysis? Journal of Coastal Research, 22(4):894–905. DOI: 10.2112/04-0401.1
MTOP/UNDP/UNESCO (1979) - Conservación y mejora de playas - URU. 73.007. 593p., Unesco, Montevideo, Uruguay. Available on line at http://www.ecoplata.org/wpcontent/files_mf/1396027637
Conservaci%C3%B3nymejoradeplayasURU.73.007.pdf.
Nagy, G.J.; Ponce, A.; Pshennikov, V.; Silva, R.; Forbes, E.A.; Kokot, R. (2005) - Desarrollo de la capacidad de evaluación de la vulnerabilidad costera al Cambio Climático: Zona Oeste de Montevideo como caso de estudio. In: V. Barros, Á. Menéndez & G.J. Nagy (eds.), El Cambio climático en el Río de la Plata, pp.173–180, Project assessments of impacts and adaptation to climate change (AIACC), CIMA/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Available on line at
http://www.cima.fcen.uba.ar/~lcr/libros/Cambio_Climatico-Texto.pdf.
Nagy, G.J.; Seijo, L.; Verocai, J.E.; Brugnoli, E.; Bidegain M. (2013) - Enfoque, conocimiento y medidas para enfrentar las amenazas del clima presente en la zona frontal del Río de la Plata, Uruguay. Costas, Revista Iberoamericana de Manejo Costero Integrado (ISNN: 2304-0963), 2(2):69-87, UNESCO, Montevideo, Uruguay. Available on line at
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002270/227017m.pdf#227739.
Nagy, G.J.; Seijo, L.; Verocai, J.E.; Bidegain, M. (2014a) - Stakeholders’ climate perception and adaptation in coastal Uruguay. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 6(1):63-84. DOI: 10.1108/IJCCSM-03-2013-0035
Nagy, G.J.; Muñoz, N.; Verocai, J.E.; Bidegain, M.; Seijo, L. (2014b) - Adjusting to current climate threats and building alternative future scenarios for the Rio de la Plata coast and estuarine front, Uruguay. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management / Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada, 14(4):553-568. DOI: 10.5894/rgci472
Nagy, G.J.; Gómez-Erache, M.; Kay, R. (2015) - A risk-based and
participatory approach to assessing climate vulnerability and improving
governance in coastal Uruguay. In: Bruce Glavovic, Michael Kelly, Robert Kay & Ailbhe Travers (eds.), Climate change and the coast. Building resilient communities, pp.357–378, CRC Press / Taylor & Francis, London. ISBN: 978-0415464871. DOI: 10.1201/b18053-23
Nicholls, R.J.; Hanson, S.E.; Lowe, J.A.; Warrick, R.A.; Lu, X.; Long, A.J.; Carter, T.R. (2011) - Constructing Sea-Level Scenarios for Impact and Adaptation Assessment of Coastal Area: A Guidance Document. 47p., Supporting Material, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Task Group on Data and Scenario Support for Impact and Climate Analysis (TGICA). Available on line at http://www.ipccdata.org/docs/
Sea_Level_Scenario_Guidance_Oct2011.pdf.
Nordstrom, K.F. (2004) - Beaches and dunes of developed coasts. 356p., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
ISBN: 978-0521545761.
Ortega, L.; Celentano, E.; Finkl, C.; Defeo, O. (2013) - Effects of climate variability on the morphodynamics of Uruguayan sandy beaches. Journal of Coastal Research, 29(4):747–755.
DOI: 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-13-00003.1
Overton, M.F.; Grenier, R.R.; Judge, J.E.K.; Fisher, J.S. (1999) -
Identification and Analysis of Coastal Erosion Hazard Areas: Dare and Brunswick Counties, North Carolina. Journal of Coastal Research (ISSN: 0749-0208), Si28:69–84, Coastal Education & Research Foundation, Coconut Creek, U.S.A. Available on line at http://www.jstor.org/stable/
25736187
Panario, D.; Gutiérrez, O. (2006) - Dinámica y fuentes de sedimentos de las playas uruguayas. In: R. Menafra, L. Rodríguez-Gallego, F. Scarabino & D. Conde (eds.), Bases para la conservación y el manejo de la costa uruguaya, pp.21–34, Vida Silvestre Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay. ISBN: 9974-758920. Available on line at http://vidasilvestre.org.uy/
wpcontent/uploads/2012/09/03_Dinámicas-y-fuentes-de-sedimentos-
de-lasplayas-uruguayas-Panario.pdf.
Pilkey, O.H.; Neal, W.J.; Cooper, J.A.G.; Kelley, J.T. (2011) - The World’s Beaches. A Global Guide to the Science of the Shoreline. 302p., University of California Press, Berkeley, C.A., U.S.A.
ISBN: 978-0520268722.
R Core Team (2013) - R: A language and environment for statistical
computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
Available on line at http://www.R-project.org/.
Ribeiro, J. dos S.; Sousa, P.H.G. de O.; Vieira, D.R.; Siegle, E. (2013) - Evolução da vulnerabilidade à erosão costeira na Praia de Massaguaçú (SP), Brasil. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management / Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada, 13(3):253–265. DOI: 10.5894/rgci377
Ros, F.J. (1923) - Pleito - Pocitos. Su historia y el dictamen profesional
que a pedido de los propietarios demandados produjo el Agrimensor D. Francisco J. Ros. 253p., M. García (ed.), Imprenta El Siglo Ilustrado (Colección Estudio), Montevideo, Uruguay. Available at: Biblioteca de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
Saizar, A. (1997) - Assessment of impacts of a potential sea-level rise on the coast of Montevideo, Uruguay. Climate Research, 9(1-2):73–79. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr009073
Sato, S.; Kishimoto, S.; Hiramatsu, H. (2011) - Long-term evolution
of sand and gravel beaches on the Miyazaki Coast. Coastal Engineering
Proceedings [S.l.] (Online), 1(32):sediment.57.
DOI: 10.9753/icce.v32.sediment.57
Severov, D.N.; Mordecki, E.; Pshennikov, V. (2004) - SST anomaly
variability in Southwestern Atlantic and El Niño/Southern oscillation.
Advances in Space Research, 33(3):343–347.
DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00479-4
Splinter, K.D.; Turner, I.L.; Davidson, M.A. (2013) - How much data is enough? The importance of morphological sampling interval and duration for calibration of empirical shoreline models. Coastal Engineering, 77:14–27. DOI: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2013.02.009
Verocai, J.; Bidegain, M.; Nagy, G.J. (2014) - Nivel del mar y eventos extremos en las aguas costeras del Río de la Plata y costa oceánica uruguaya. In: C. Goso (ed.), Nuevas miradas a la Problemática de los Ambientes Costeros. Sur de Brasil, Uruguay y Argentina, pp.131-146, DIRAC, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay. ISBN: 978-9974011236.
Verocai, J.E.; Gómez-Erache, M.; Nagy, G.J.; Bidegain, M. (2015) -
Addressing climate extremes in Coastal Management: The case of the Uruguayan coast of the Rio de la Plata System. Journal of Integrated
Coastal Zone Management / Revista de Gestão Costeira Integrada, 15(1):91–107. DOI: 10.5894/rgci555
Wright, L. D.; Short, A.D. (1984) - Morphodynamic variability of surf zones and beaches: A synthesis. Marine Geology, 56(1-4):93–118.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/0025322784900082
em construção