Volume 15, Issue 4 - December 2015
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- Abstract / Resumo
- References / Bibliografia
- Citations / Citações
Revista de Gestão Costeira
Integrada
Volume
15, Número 4, Dezembro 2015, Páginas 495-505
DOI: 10.5894/rgci584
* Submission: 6 FEB 2015; Peer review: 17 MAR 2015; Revised: 30 APR
2015; Accepted: 3 JUN 2015; Available on-line: 5 JUN 2015
Supporting Information (172KB, PDF)
Shallow-water hydrothermal vents in the Azores
(Portugal) *
Ruben P. Couto@, a, b; Armindo S. Rodriguesa, c; Ana I. Netoa, d
@ - Corresponding author to whom
correspondence should be addressed: Couto
<coutoruben@uac.pt>
a - Universidade dos Açores, Departamento de Biologia, Rua da Mãe de
Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal.
b - CIIMAR/CIMAR– Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e
Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto,
Portugal.
c - CVARG – Centro de Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos Geológicos,
Universidade dos Açores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada,
Portugal.
d - cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/
Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Departamento de
Biologia, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores,
Portugal.
ABSTRACT
The impact of global warming has been a major issue in recent years and will continue increasing in the future. Knowledge about the effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms and communities is crucial to efficient management. Island environments are particularly sensitive to externally induced changes and highly dependent on their coastal areas. This study summarises the published information on shallow-water hydrothermal vents of the Azores. These environments were reported to exhibit high metal concentration and acidified seawater due to the diffusion of acidic volcanic gases (mainly CO2) and a considerable temperature range. In some vents a water input with lower salinity was reported. These conditions result in a depletion of some of the species but can also enhance a diversity gradient between the “unique” shallow marine hydrothermal ecosystems and the surrounding common coastal marine environment, potentiating the co-existence of a high variety of metabolisms and so biodiversity. Metal content on species from vent areas was reported to be associated with volcanic activity and signs of organism’s chronic stress seemed to result in modifications on their morphometry and internal composition. Species able to survive at vent conditions are indicated as potential sentinels for studying the effects of increasing temperature and acidification on marine organisms and as bioindicators of metal accumulation studies at the Azores. Further information on CO2 flux, metals concentration in the sediments and seawater and on the geochemistry of fluids from active shallow-water hydrothermal systems is needed. Also, research on the productivity of shallowwater vent areas at the Azores and on food chains and interactions between trophic levels at these environments is recommended as it will contribute to a better knowledge of metal bioavailability, accumulation and biomagnification. This research should be complemented by investigations directed to the venting periodicity and episodicity and metal deposits resulting from hydrothermalism. This would increase the value of the Azorean vents as natural laboratories to the implementation of multidisciplinary research aimed at contributing to predict and/or to infer about ocean acidification effects on marine organisms and communities.
Keywords: Temperature; Acidification; Submarine degassing; Volcanic gas; Hydrothermal system.
Fontes hidrotermais de superfície nos Açores (Portugal)
RESUMOO impacte do aquecimento global é atualmente um assunto de grande interesse e que continuará a aumentar no futuro. O conhecimento sobre os efeitos da acidificação dos oceanos nos organismos e comunidades marinhas é fundamental para uma gestão eficiente. Os ambientes insulares são particularmente sensíveis às mudanças externamente induzidas e muito dependentes das suas áreas costeiras. Este estudo resume as informações publicadas em fontes hidrotermais de superfície dos Açores. Nestes ambientes foram reportadas elevadas concentrações de metais, água do mar acidificada devido à difusão de gases vulcânicas ácidas (principalmente CO2) e um intervalo de temperatura abrangente. Em algumas fontes foi relatada uma entrada de água com baixa salinidade. Estas condições resultam na depleção de algumas das espécies, mas também podem induzir um gradiente de diversidade entre os ecossistemas hidrotermais marinhos de superfície "únicos" do ambiente costeiro marinho comum circundante, potenciando a coexistência de uma elevada variedade de metabolismos e assim a biodiversidade. A concentração de metais em espécies de fontes hidrotermais foi reportada sendo associada à atividade vulcânica e os sinais de stress crónico dos organismos parece resultar em modificações na sua morfometria e composição interna. Espécies capazes de sobreviver em fontes hidrotermais de superfície são indicadas como potenciais indicadores para estudar os efeitos do aumento da temperatura e da acidificação em organismos marinhos e como bioindicadores de acumulação de metal em estudos nos Açores. É necessário maior conhecimento sobre o fluxo de CO2, a concentração de metais nos sedimentos e na água do mar e sobre a geoquímica de fluidos de sistemas hidrotermais de superfície ativos. Para além disso, a investigação sobre a produtividade em áreas de fontes hidrotermais de superfície nos Açores, nas cadeias alimentares e interações entre níveis tróficos nestes ambientes é recomendada, pois irá contribuir para um melhor conhecimento da biodisponibilidade, acumulação e biomagnificação de metais. Esta investigação deverá ser complementada por investigações dirigidas à periodicidade e sazonalidade das fontes hidrotermais de superfície, assim como aos depósitos de metais resultantes do hidrotermalismo. Isso aumentaria o valor das fontes hidrotermais de superfície dos Açores como laboratórios naturais para a realização de investigação multidisciplinar que visa contribuir para prever e/ou para inferir sobre os efeitos da acidificação dos oceanos nos organismos e comunidades marinhas.
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